What does the term "dual federalism" refer to?

The term "dual federalism" specifically refers to a system in which there is a clear and distinct separation of powers between federal and state governments. This concept likens the levels of government to layers in a cake, where each level operates independently within its own sphere of authority. Under dual federalism, the federal government and the states each have their own responsibilities and powers, with limited interaction between the two. This framework emphasizes that state governments retain significant authority over local issues, while the federal government is limited to its constitutionally defined roles.

This approach contrasts with models that suggest more overlapping responsibilities (often described as cooperative federalism), where state and federal governments work jointly on various policy issues. Other definitions which focus on hierarchical relationships or sharing of powers do not accurately capture the essence of dual federalism, which prioritizes clear division over collaboration.