What is the term for powers that are not specifically granted to the federal government?

The term for powers that are not specifically granted to the federal government is reserved powers. These powers are held by the states under the Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The Tenth Amendment establishes that any powers not delegated to the federal government, nor prohibited to the states, are reserved for the states and the people. This principle is foundational in ensuring a balance of power between the federal and state governments, allowing states to exercise authority over a variety of local matters such as education, transportation, and law enforcement.

On the other hand, expressed powers, enumerated powers, and delegated powers all refer to the same concept: the specific powers granted to the federal government by the Constitution. These include powers like the ability to regulate interstate commerce or to declare war, which are explicitly stated in the Constitution. Thus, the distinction lies in the reserved powers being specifically those that are left over for states or the public, as opposed to those that are clearly defined for federal authority.