What principle divides power between the national and state governments?

Federalism is the principle that divides power between the national and state governments, establishing a system of governance where authority is shared. This arrangement allows both levels of government to operate independently in their respective areas while also collaborating on certain issues. The U.S. Constitution outlines this division through enumerated powers for the national government, concurrent powers shared by both state and national governments, and reserved powers specifically for the states.

This structure is fundamental to the American political system, allowing for diversity in law and policy while maintaining a unified nation. Federalism fosters a balance of power, enabling states to address local concerns effectively while also adhering to national standards. The other concepts, such as separation of powers and checks and balances, pertain to divisions of power within the national government itself, rather than the division between national and state governments. Representative democracy relates to how government officials are chosen and how citizens participate in the political process, not directly to the distribution of governmental power.